What best describes empirical science?

Empirical science is fundamentally grounded in direct observation and experience. This approach emphasizes the importance of collecting data through observable and measurable evidence. In empirical research, findings are derived from experiments, observations, and real-world data rather than solely from theoretical concepts or untested ideas.

By relying on direct observation, scientists are able to confirm or refute their hypotheses with tangible evidence. This method enhances the reliability and validity of the scientific process, as it allows for reproducible and verifiable results. The focus on observable phenomena ensures that conclusions drawn are based on what can be seen and measured, thus providing a strong foundation for scientific inquiry.

In contrast, choices based on theoretical predictions, historical data, or untested hypotheses do not align with the empirical nature of scientific research. Theoretical predictions may serve as guiding frameworks but cannot replace the necessity for observation. Historical data can inform research but is not directly linked to the practices of empirical science. Similarly, untested hypotheses lack the observational evidence needed to substantiate scientific claims. Therefore, the essence of empirical science lies in its reliance on direct observation.