Which approach involves conducting quantitative research first before a qualitative study?

The approach that involves conducting quantitative research first followed by a qualitative study is known as explanatory sequential design. This mixed-methods research design begins with the collection and analysis of quantitative data, which helps to establish a baseline understanding or to quantify variables. After this initial phase, qualitative data is gathered to explore the findings in more depth, often providing insights into the 'why' and 'how' behind the numerical results obtained from the quantitative phase.

This method is particularly useful when researchers want to understand complex phenomena by first measuring them and then exploring specific aspects in a more detailed manner. For example, after identifying trends through surveys, researchers might conduct interviews to understand the experiences or perceptions behind those trends.

The other approaches mentioned do not follow this sequential pattern. Constructivism, for example, focuses on understanding how individuals construct meaning in their social contexts but does not prescribe a specific order for quantitative or qualitative research. Transformative approaches prioritize social change and often engage in both qualitative and quantitative research to empower marginalized groups, but again, they do not have a sequence that mandates quantitative research to come first. Phenomenological research, on the other hand, is exclusively qualitative and seeks to understand individuals' lived experiences without any prior quantitative phase.