Which of the following is not identified as a source of knowledge?

The option identified as not being a source of knowledge is philosophy. While philosophy plays a significant role in the exploration of knowledge and can inform our thinking and understanding, it is typically considered a discipline rather than a direct source of knowledge in the empirical or experiential sense.

Tradition, science, and experience are all familiar methods through which individuals acquire knowledge. Tradition encompasses the customs and beliefs passed down through generations, often providing a framework for understanding societal norms and values. Science employs systematic observation, experimentation, and evidence gathering to establish facts and theories about the natural world, thus serving as a critical means of validating knowledge. Experience refers to knowledge gained through personal involvement and firsthand encounters, shaping an individual's understanding based on real-life situations.

In contrast, philosophy is more focused on questioning, analyzing, and theorizing about knowledge itself, rather than providing knowledge directly. It explores concepts such as ethics, existence, and reality, often leading to deeper reflection rather than concrete conclusions. Therefore, while philosophy is influential in discussions of knowledge, it does not function as a direct source of knowledge in the same way that the other options do.